Lit. boating pond style. A type of pond-stroll garden *chisen kaiyūshiki teien 池泉回遊式庭園 in which the pond is large enough for pleasure boats. Common in Chinese imperial residences from at least the Zhou dynasty, the earliest Japanese Nara-period gardens probably included large ponds intended for Chinese style pleasure barges. In the Heian period, a number of aristocratic retreats featured chisen shūyūshiki gardens: the gardens at Shinsen'en 神泉苑; Emperor Saga's 嵯峨 villa at Ōsawa-no-ike 大沢池 (now Daikakuji 大覚寺); and the Kawara-no-in 河原院 all included ponds for boating. In addition, the ponds of larger shinden style gardens *shinden-zukuri teien 寝殿造庭園 were used for boating parties. 17th-century imperial villas, such as Katsura Rikyū 桂離宮 and Shugakuin Rikyū 修学院離宮, as well as many large daimyō gardens *daimyō teien 大名庭園, included ponds for boating, circumambulation, and for viewing. Because of their multiple functions, these gardens were carefully designed to provide visual stimuli from a number of viewpoints.