Any painting produced with a type of thick, opaque paint made from inexpensive pigment and the white pigment, *gofun 胡粉, ground up and mixed with water. These pigments were most commonly used for inexpensive popular art such as *nara-ehon 奈良絵本 and *ōtsu-e 大津絵, for theater signs, kanban 看板, stage settings, and for paintings on wooden votive plaques, *ema 絵馬. Because the thick muddy pigments resembled oil paints in color and texture, they were employed by Akita school artists, *Akita-ha 秋田派, for Western style paintings in the late 18th and early 19th century. The pigments were also used for copper etched and woodblock printed peep-show pictures, *megane-e 眼鏡絵, which entered Japan from Holland and China and were copied by artists such as Maruyama Ōkyo 円山応挙 (1733-95).