Lit. Daoist Buddhist paintings. A genre of painting on Daoist (Taoist; Jp: Dōkyō 道教) and Buddhist (shaku 釈 from *Shaka 釈迦) themes which came to Japan from China and is characterized by the use of simple brush strokes in black ink, *sumi 墨, with little or no color. If figures are included in the paintings, as in most examples, they are specifically called dōshaku jinbutsuga 道釈人物画. These works were not of a purely religious nature intended as objects of worship, but were appreciated for the aesthetic qualities of the painting itself. Popular subjects of dōshakuga include: Buddhist saints such as *Daruma 達磨; *Kannon 観音, particularly the white-robed Kannon *Byakue Kannon 白衣観音; *Hotei 布袋; *rakan 羅漢, *Kanzan Jittoku 寒山拾得 and Daoist immortals *Gama Tekkai 蝦蟇鉄拐, *Ryo Dōhin 呂洞賓, *Kinkō Sennin 琴高仙人, and *Chō Karō 張果老. Dōshakuga imported from China, especially of the Song and Yuan dynasties (see *sōgenga 宋元画), were recorded in catalogues of art treasures compiled in the Muromachi period, and they served as an influence on Japanese painting. Dōshakuga were started by Zen 禅 (Ch: Chan) priests and those associated with them. Minchō 明兆 (1352-1431), a priest-painter of Tōfukuji 東福寺 (Kyoto), was the first Japanese artist associated with this genre. Two Zen priest-painters who are considered to be Minchō's followers, Sekkyakushi 赤脚子 (fl. early 15th century) and Reisai 霊彩 (fl. 1430-50), also painted in their teacher's style. Dōshakuga were often painted in black sumi ink without or with little color. Another priest-painter Kaō 可翁 (fl. first half 14th century), who favored Buddhist subjects, is thought to have been a pioneer of Japanese ink painting, *suibokuga 水墨画. Other priest painters of dōshakuga in ink were Mokuan 黙庵 (fl. 1323-45), Tesshū Tokusai 鉄州徳済 (?-1366), and Bonpō 梵芳 (ca.1348-1420). Dōshakuga was a popular genre of ink painting even after the Muromachi period, and examples were produced by painters of various schools including *Kano-ha 狩野派 and *Rinpa 琳派, while *ukiyo-e 浮世絵 painters parodied Daoist and Buddhist figures.