Lit. refined taste. An aesthetic ideal implying traditional elegance, chic stylishness, creative ingenuity, and sometimes eroticism. The term is derived from the equally broad Chinese, fengliu 風流, which originally meant good etiquette but eventually came to signify the opposite, and later referred to various types of beauty. In 8th-century Japan, fūryū was used to mean urbane manners but soon came to refer to things elegant, tasteful, or artistic. By the Heian period, fūryū could indicate either an elegant object or a cultivated person. In later centuries fūryū evolved several quite distinct meanings and usages. The word was used frequently in the poetry of the Zen priest *Ikkyū 一休 (1394-1481) who, drawing upon the range of Chinese implications, used it to mean alternately the rarified beauty of monastic life, the essence of an eremitic existence, and the charm of sexual relations. The sensual side of fūryū emerged in the Momoyama period fad for the fūryū dance found in *Hōkokusai 豊国祭 screens. More broadly, the concept of fūryū can be seen as the operative aesthetic in 17th-century genre painting *fūzokuga 風俗画. The term fūryū was also used to distinguish popular styles of arts such as garden design, flower arrangement, and *chanoyu 茶湯. For example, the style of *wabi わび tea was often referred to as wabifūryū わび風流. In the Edo period literature of the floating world, *ukiyo zōshi 浮世草子, also called fūryūbon 風流本, fūryū implied an up-to-date stylishness, often with erotic implications. It is related to the aesthetic ideals of *sui 粋 and *iki いき. Fūryū often appears in titles of *ukiyo-e 浮世絵 prints, particularly parody pieces, *mitate-e 見立絵. Fūryū was also applied to haiku 俳句 and to southern paintings, *nanga 南画, where it implied a work based upon a past style.