1 Lit. treasure pagoda. A generic name for a pagoda (Sk: stupa) of a type associated with the Buddhist deity, Tahō nyorai 多宝如来 (Sk: Prabhutaratna). In the Heian period, hōtō were made of stone. Most hōtō are divided into four parts: a low, rectangular foundation stone *kiso 基礎; a barrel-shaped body, tōshin 塔身, which may bear an inscription, image of a deity or a design; a four-sided, hipped roof or umbrella, kasa 笠; and a finial *sōrin 相輪.
Hōtō are associated especially with the early Heian period, when the Esoteric Buddhist sects, Tendai 天台 and Shingon 真言, were introduced to Japan. They have been associated with the legend that *Shaka 釈迦, the founder of Buddhism, was one day expounding the Lotus Sutra Hokekyō 法華経 when the Buddhist deity, Tahō nyorai, moved by this show of devotion and respect, caused a pagoda to appear in which he sat and permitted Shaka to sit beside him. An ink drawing from the Kamakura period shows the two deities sitting inside a hōtō with its doors open. The body of the hōtō rests on a lotus flower. The rendering of the roof indicates that it is tiled *kawarayane 瓦屋根. There is a finial crowned with a ball-shaped sacred jewel *hōju 宝珠, from which emanate various stems which end in bud-like shapes. Most hōtō are made of stone but some gilt bronze and iron hōtō exist. Wood and dried mud hōtō are very rare, but one such hōtō is owned by the Kawase family in Nara. It is dated Muromachi period and is completely cylindrical. Large wooden buildings constructed as hōtō are also rare. One constructed in 1830 at Honmonji 本門寺, Tokyo is 17.4 m tall. It has wooden walls covered with plaster, and eight pillars that surround the shaft to make the structure 5.7 m wide. Twelve more pillars form a circle above the cornice. The roof is covered with copper sheeting and has a finial above it.
A dried mud hōtō, dated between 897-1185, was unearthed in Okayama Prefecture and is owned by Shōfukuji. Miniature versions are found as attributes *jimotsu 持物 held by the deities *Miroku 弥勒 and *Bishamonten 毘沙門天. Examples include the Bishamonten is in Tōji 東寺, Kyoto, and in Hōryūji 法隆寺, Nara.
Nikkō Tōshōgū Okusha 日光東照宮奥社 (Tochigi)
2 A pagoda used in gardens. As with *gorintō 五輪塔, usually only their separate parts are used, especially the shaft or central part or the roof-like coping. The shaft is called kesagata 袈裟形, meaning priests robe shape. Large hōtō are set in place with the neck part up; small ones with neck part down.
3 An abbreviation of *tahōtō 多宝塔.