Lit. one million pagodas. Wooden, miniature, three-storied, circular, memorial pagodas wrought on a lathe for Empress Kōken 考謙, who first reigned from 749-58. She was succeeded by Emperor Junnin 淳仁, from 758-64. After deposing Emperor Junnin, the Empress Kōken change her name to Shōtoku 称徳, and reigned again from 764-70. As Empress Shōtoku had pledged, the creation of one million small wooden votive pagodas begun in 764 were ready for distribution in 770. The one million pagodas were sent to the ten great temples. Most of the miniature pagodas were created from a single block of wood. The finial *sōrin 相輪 was made separately, also on a lathe. A hollow space was bored into the main part of each miniature pagoda under the finial in order to enshrine one scroll of the Darani 陀羅尼, which represents a state of mind, in which the five senses, play an important part. There are four types of Darani scrolls that were taught in the Mukujōkō Daranikyō 無垢浄光陀羅尼経. They are the Konpon Darani, 根本陀羅尼, Sōrin Darani 相輪陀羅尼, Jishin-in Darani 自心印陀羅尼, Rokudo Darani 六度陀羅尼. These scrolls were printed with wooden blocks or copper plates. They are believed to be among the oldest extant printed material in the world. The pagodas vary in size. Some are less than 30 cm tall. Originally, they were colored with red and white paint. The maker's name and date of production was often inscribed on the underside of the podium *kidan 基壇. Many have disappeared, but Hōryūji 法隆寺 in Nara still owns 43,900 in good condition.