Ch: Shizhuzhai shuhuapu. Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Painting, a late Ming period color woodblock-printed manual of painting, which was influential in Edo period painting circles. Compiled and printed by Hu Zhengyan (Jp: Ko Shōen 胡正言), a retired official turned block-cutter, the manual was intended to instruct amateurs in the techniques of master painters. The unusual title derives from Hu's studio name as well as the actual building in Nanjing where he and his friends gathered to produce the album. Jitchikusai shogafu is divided into sections on bamboo, plum, orchid, stones, fruit, birds, and animals. Each section has about 20 illustrations, with each illustration accompanied by a poetic text. Probably begun as early as 1619, the first edition was issued in 1643 with a preface of 1632. Among the many later editions, the 1715 edition included a new preface complaining of numerous pirated editions and low quality imitations. The Shizhuzhai Jianpu (Jp: Jitchikusai senpu 十竹斎箋譜), a manual featuring human figure subjects printed in 1644, may be one of these related works. Largely because of its superior use of multi-color printing, usually featuring three tones and varying from saturated blues and greens to light gray reproducing ink wash, Jitchikusai shogafu exceeded even *Kaishien gaden 芥子園画伝 (Mustard Seed Garden Manual of Printing) in popularity.