Lit. upper-lower, two-step style garden. A modern term designating a common type of bipartite garden featuring a small pond in the lower section and a hill arranged with stones and plants in the upper section. The pond usually features several stones which create a visual tie to the hill area. Most of these gardens are meant to be viewed from a fixed point, usually seated inside a room or from a veranda; however, in some cases the hill section includes a path which allows for passage through the garden. This composite style appeared in the late Kamakura period as gardens emphasizing the vertical arrangement of rocks began to replace the large pond gardens of the Heian period. The style gained popularity in the Muromachi period, becoming the most common type of garden in the 17th century. The jōge nidanshiki teien offers not only two kinds of scenery, but also is well suited for temples built at the base of a hill. Thus, this garden type is seen at temples built along the foothills of Kyoto (Tōjiin 等持院, Nanzen'in 南禅院 at Nanzenji 南禅寺, Chishakuin 智積院, and Shōren'in 青蓮院) and in a majority of rural temples built all over Japan. Good examples from the Kamakura, Muromachi and Edo periods include Tōkōji 東光寺 in Yamanashi Prefecture, Manpukuji 万福寺 in Shimane Prefecture, and Ryōtanji 龍潭寺 in Shizuoka Prefecture.