Ch: guanputu. A pictorial theme that features a scholar gazing at a waterfall. The theme probably relates to the poem Ballad of Mt. Lu (Ch: Lushanyao, Jp: Rozan'yō 廬山謡) by the Tang poet Li Bai (Jp: *Ri Haku 李白,701-62) and is a variation on paintings of Li Bai Viewing a Waterfall (Ch: Li Bai Guanputu, Jp: Ri Haku kanbaku zu 李白観瀑図). The image of an aged scholar, often accompanied by a servant, gazing reverently at a cataract dropping from a high cliff, is one of the clearest symbols of the literati appreciation of and devotion to nature. Such depictions are well-known throughout the later history of Chinese painting, and one of the earliest extant examples is a landscape attributed to Li Tang (Jp: Ri Tō 李唐, early 12th century) in Kōtōin 高桐院, Kyoto. In Japan, the theme was particularly popular in the Muromachi period and with painters of the Ami school *Ami-ha 阿弥派. Kanbaku zu enjoyed a revival with the sinophile artists of the *nanga 南画 lineage.