Ch: quanjietu. Also written 鑑戒図 (Ch: jianjietu). Lit. pictures of advice and admonishment. Paintings based on Confucian ethics intended to encourage virtue and warn against evil. They depict famous historical and legendary figures: sages, religious leaders, wise rulers, illustrious retainers, popular heroes and virtuous women or, conversely, foolish rulers, traitors, and lascivious women. In China the genre dates from the Han dynasty. The famous handscroll attributed to Yen Liben (Jp: En Rippon 閻立本, ?-673; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) is a typical early example. In Japan, the earliest kankai zu date from the Heian period, when the painting of the Festival to Confucius, sekiten 釈奠 was regularly exhibited in the Daigakuryō 大学寮, a Confucian training institution for government administrators, and The Screen of Wise Men *Kenjō-no-shōji 賢聖障子 was displayed in the Shishinden 紫宸殿 of Kyoto Gosho 京都御所. The revival of Confucianism under the Tokugawa 徳川 shogunate spurred a revival of kankai zu from the 17th century. The many Kano school *Kano-ha 狩野派 paintings of Admonitions to the Emperor *teikan zu 帝鑑図 and Twenty-four Paragons of Filial Piety *nijūshikō zu 二十四孝図 attest to this renewed interest. Such themes also appear in *ukiyo-e 浮世絵 prints.