A type of illustrated popular fiction *kusazōshi 草双紙. Lit. yellow covers. Popular fiction for adults which first appeared in the 1770s and remained popular until the first decades of the 19th century. Each booklet was made up of five double pages and several booklets were bound as a single volume with a bright yellow cover. Episodes drawn from contemporary social life, particularly the pleasure quarters, were described with wit, often satirically. Illustrations were included on every page and were crucial to the understanding of the text. Popular writers such as Koikawa Harumachi 恋川春町 (1744-89) and Santō Kyōden 山東京伝 (1761-1816) sometimes illustrated their own novels. Other prominent kibyōshi illustrators included artists such as Kitao Shigemasa 北尾重政 (1739-1820), Kitao Masami 北尾政美 (1764-1824), and Torii Kiyonaga 鳥居清長 (1752-1815). With stricter controls placed on publishing by the Shogun during the Kansei 寛政 Reforms which began in 1787, kibyōshi authors were restricted to less controversial subject matter; eventually the genre of kibyōshi gave way to *gōkan 合巻, serial romances dealing mostly with historical themes.