nijūgo bosatsu 二十五菩薩

Keywords
Art History
Iconography

Lit. "25 bodhisattvas *bosatsu 菩薩." The bosatsu that are believed to accompany *Amida 阿弥陀 when he leads a dying person to the Pure Land jōdo 浄土 and then offers welcome. These 25 bodhisattvas are first mentioned in the Jūōjō Amida Bukkokukyō 十往生阿弥陀仏国経, an apocryphal sutra thought to have been composed in China, which states that they will protect the devotee at all times. But in Japan, with the gradual spread of the Pure Land faith from about the 10th century onwards, they came to be associated specifically with the belief that Amida and his entourage come to welcome the dying person to the Pure Land. They appear in many depictions of this scene *raigō-zu 来迎図, and especially famous are the triptych now kept at Yūshi Hachimankō Jūhakkain 有志八幡講十八箇院 (Mt. Kōya 高野; mid-12th century) and the depiction of a so-called 'swift welcome' hayaraigō 早来迎, kept at Chion-in 知恩院 (late 13th century) in Kyoto. As for representations in statuary form, there is a set of 26 seated, wooden images of these 25 bodhisattvas with Amida at Sokujō'in 即成院 in Kyoto. They also figure in a version of the Amida mandara 阿弥陀曼荼羅 brought to Japan by Eun 恵運 (798-869), a Chinese monk of the Kegon 華厳 sect who is most remembered for his reclassification of the methods of teaching the sutras. Their names are as follows: *Kannon 観音, *Seishi 勢至, Yakuō 薬王, Yakujō 薬上, *Fugen 普賢, Hōjizaiō 法自在王, Shishiku 獅子吼, Darani 陀羅尼, Byakuzōō 白象王, *Kokūzō 虚空蔵, Tokuzō 徳蔵, Hōzō 宝蔵, Konzō 金蔵, Kongōzō 金剛蔵, Kōmyōō 光明王, Sankaie 山海慧, Kegon'ō 華厳王, Shuhōō 衆宝王, Gakkōō 月光王, Nisshōō 日照王, Sanmaiō 三昧王, Jōjizaiō 定自在王, Daijizaiō 大自在王, Byakuzōō 白象王, Daiitokuō 大威徳王, and Muhenshin 無辺身.