Ch: renwu shibamiao. Lit. eighteen types of figural portrayal. A group of brush styles traditionally employed in painting to render human forms in various types of clothing, with landscapes, flowers and birds. The eighteen types of figural portrayal were standardized by Zhou Lujing (Jp: Shū Risei 周履請, dates unknown) in the Ming dynasty. In Japan, the *nanga 南画 artist Oda Kaisen 小田海僊 (1785-1862) was also known to divide figure portrayals into eighteen categories. The standard eighteen types of figural portrayal are: 1 *kōko yūshibyō 高古遊糸描 (Ch: gaogu yousimiao, tall and ancient playful string drawing); 2 kingenbyō 琴絃描 (Ch: qinxianmiao, hard-string drawing); 3 *tessenbyō 鉄線描 (Ch: tiexianmiao, wire-line drawing); 4 kōun ryūsuibyō 行雲流水描 (Ch: xingyun liushuimiao, moving clouds and running water); 5 bakōbyō 馬蝗描 (Ch: mahuangmiao, horse-locust drawing); 6 *teitō sobibyō 釘頭鼠尾描 (Ch: dingtou shuwei miao, nail-head rat-tail drawing); 7 konbyō 混描 (Ch: hunmiao, mixed drawing); 8 *kettō teibyō けっ頭釘描 (Ch: juetou dingmiao, nail head drawing); 9 sōibyō 曹衣描 (Ch: caoyi miao, Sogdian style drawing, also *sōi shussui 曹衣出水, wet-drapery); 10 *setsurobyō 折蘆描 (Ch: zhelumiao, bent-reed drawing); 11 ryūyōbyō 柳葉描 (Ch: liuyemiao, willow-leaf drawing); 12 chikuyōbyō 竹葉描 (Ch: zhuyemiao, bamboo-leaf drawing); 13 senpitsu suimonbyō 戦筆水文描 (Ch: zhanbi, trembling brush water style drawing, also; senpitsu 戦筆 trembling brush); 14 genpitsubyō 減筆描 (Ch: jianbi, abbreviated brush, also *genpitsu 減筆 or ryakuhitsu 略筆); 15 kosaibyō 枯柴描 (Ch: kuchai, withered brushwood drawing); 16 kyūinbyō 蚯蚓描 (Ch: quiyinmiao, earthworm drawing); 17 kanranbyō 橄欖描(Ch: ganlanmiao, olive drawing); 18 sōkakubyō 棗核描 (Ch: zaohemiao, jujube seed drawing). A nineteenth style of drawing *ran'yōbyō 蘭葉描 (Ch: lanyemiao, orchid-leaf drawing) is often added to the eighteen listed above.